02.
LOR (Loss of Resistance)
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Saline or Air injection
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Unmet needs → High learning curve
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27-32% Failure for Lumbar & Thoracic
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24% Failure for Labor Epidural
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Complication: Pneumocephalus or Air embolism,
Epidural hematoma, Post dura puncture headache,
Cord injury, Trasient loss of consciousness, Quadriparesis